Part 4—Nobody cares about this: Long ago and far away, Jonathan Kozol wrote a book which won a National Book Award.
The year was 1967. The book was called Death At an Early Age. We read the book when we were in college. We were lucky enough to get to know Kozol a tiny tad a few years later on.
In his opening paragraph, right on page one, Kozol described a type of achievement gap. The child described here was just one child, but, as a general matter, this story rings true today:
KOZOL (1967): Stephen is eight years old. A picture of him standing in front of the bulletin board on Arab bedouins shows a little light-brown person staring with unusual concentration at a chosen spot upon the floor. Stephen is tiny, desperate, unwell. Sometimes he talks to himself. He moves his mouth as if he were talking. At other times he laughs out loud in class for no apparent reason. He is also an indescribably mild and unmalicious child. He cannot do any of his school work very well. His math and reading are poor...He is in the Fourth Grade now but his work is barely at the level of the Second. Nobody has complained about the things that have happened to Stephen because he does not have any mother or father.A dose of bathos was offered there, but so was an achievement gap. Although this child was in just his fourth year of school, he was already two years behind!
According to Kozol's description, Stephen was in the fourth grade, but his work, in reading and math, was barely at second grade level. Gaps like these tend to end poorly.
(In 2015, Kozol told NPR where Stephen ended up.)
Kozol was describing his work as a teacher in the Boston Public Schools in the 1964-65 school year. More than fifty years later, achievement gaps like the one he described haven't gone away—nor has the screaming indifference to kids like Stephen which Kozol went on to describe.
Those achievement gaps are still with us, though we liberals don't discuss them. Consider the gap between the Newton, Mass. public schools—the schools Kozol attended as a child—and the public schools of Flint, Michigan, grades 3-8 inclusive:
Where the average student stood:Those numbers emerge from a recent exhaustive study by Professor Reardon and two associates. Those data can be found within the graphics offered by the New York Times in this report about the Reardon study.
Newton, Mass.: 3.1 years above grade level
Flint, Michigan.: 2.3 years below grade level
Reardon studied achievement on standardized tests in reading and math for all students in Grades 3-8. On that basis, it's reasonable to assume that the gap described by those numbers might have been in place by the start of the sixth grade year.
This would mean that the average sixth-grader in Newton's public schools was 5.4 grade levels ahead of the average student in Flint. Absent clarification, these are somewhat murky claims, but there's little doubt that they point to a real situation.
What differences obtain between the students in Newton and Flint? Using Professor Reardon's data, we might start with the matter of family income:
Median family income of students:The income gap is large. According to Reardon, the demographics differ substantially too:
Newton, Mass.: $147,000
Flint, Michigan: $22,000
Demographics of student populations:There are certainly more than "two Americas." But many gaps can be observed between these two groups of good and decent, deserving kids, with the occasional hard-head thrown in.
Newton, Mass.: 67 percent white; 5 percent black; 7 percent Hispanic; 21 percent Asian-American
Flint, Michigan: 15 percent white; 78 percent black; 4 percent Hispanic; 3 percent Asian-American
Incomparably, we selected Flint for a reason. (According to the leading authority on the school district, the Flint Community Schools serve roughly 30,000 students.)
In the past few years, Flint became the focus of modern-day liberal pseudo-concern—the kind of weeping and moaning in which we liberals tend to engage to demonstrate our moral goodness, to others and to ourselves.
Rachel Maddow took the lead in this effort. As usual, she picked and chose her facts with elan, scaring the children of Flint out of their wits in the process.
The water problem confronting Flint was, and is, an actual problem. That achievement gap is a larger problem, and you will never hear a word about it from the multimillionaire TV stars who entertain you night after night on corporate partisan cable.
Back when Kozol's book appeared, the idea that black kids were getting shortchanged in school was still a basic part of the liberal agenda. It soon turned out that erasing those gaps was a harder task than we had imagined, and we largely abandoned that project and that topic.
This explains why you never hear a word from your favorite "liberal" stars about present-day kids like Stephen. The topic has basically ceased to exist. It doesn't even occur to cable stars to talk about the lives and interests of children like him. (In full fairness, their owners wouldn't permit it!)
Kozol said no one cared about Stephen because he didn't have parents. Today, no one cares about those achievement gaps because, as a Cable News Entertainment Product, the topic, and the kids, wouldn't sell.
Why doesn't Chris Hayes discuss this remarkable topic? It's certainly not for lack of information! Ever so briefly, let's consider the sorts of gaps which emerge from the voluminous Naep data, which the federal government provides as a quixotic gesture.
The federal government runs the 47-year-old Naep testing program and provides its voluminous data. That said, you couldn't get modern journalists or liberals to discuss those data if you kidnapped all their grandmothers and threatened to throw them off bridges.
The data show enormous gains, but they also show enormous gaps. Pointlessly, we've often detailed the very large gains. Today, let's consider the gaps which exist in the results from Grade 8 math in last year's nationwide testing.
An income gap emerges from the Naep data. Below, you see the way scores diverge based on family income:
Average scores, Grade 8 mathBy a very rough rule of thumb, a ten-point gap on the Naep scale is often equated to one academic year. That would suggest that lower-income students (those eligible for free or reduced-price lunch) were performing something like three years below their higher-income, ineligible peers.
American public schools, 2017 Naep:
All students: 281.96
Higher-income students: 296.56
Lower-income students: 266.89
Three years is a very large difference! The gaps get even larger when we "disaggregate" the scores in the traditional manner:
Average scores, Grade 8 mathAgain applying the (very rough) ten-point rule, the gaps there start looking horrific. To show you how bad our situation is, we'll even punish you with this:
American public schools, 2017 Naep:
All students: 281.96
White students: 292.16
Black students: 259,60
Hispanic students: 268.49
Asian-American students: 309.52
Average scores, Grade 8 mathLots of black kids are doing well in school. Lots of white kids are struggling.
American public schools, 2017 Naep:
Higher-income white students: 299.74
Lower-income white students: 275.28
Higher-income black students: 272.71
Lower-income black students: 255.02
That said, the averages there are daunting. By a couple of points, lower-income white kids outscored their higher-income black peers!
As this occurs, your cable stars entertain you with Stormy. Gail Collins keeps shoveling this.
Might we close by stating the obvious? At least within our journalistic elite, nobody cares about this!
Rachel Maddow won't talk about this. Meanwhile, this still in:
Arne Duncan thinks the solution is to teach all these kids the same "grade-level" math curriculum, and to make the curriculum harder!
Tomorrow: Raising standards for journalists and experts
In a working system of education no one can be "2.3 years below grade level". Quite simply: they shouldn't be able to advance to the next grade until they are at the level.
ReplyDeleteWhat good does that do the student?
DeleteHuh?
DeleteWhat a surprise, that wasn't a stake holder whose interests you had considered.
DeleteSo, your idea of student's interests is getting the high school diploma without being able to read?
DeletePerhaps I misunderstood, but you didn't explain...
Against and for arguments [LINK]. For many students the superior alternative would include remedial, extended hour, and year round instruction.
Deletefn 13 from the Wikpedia article:
[QUOTE]
...The Retention Dilemma [LINKto pdf]
Sometimes children are recommended for retention when their academic performance is low or if they fail to meet grade-level performance standards established by the district or state. Some children may be recommended for retention if they seem socially immature, display behavior problems, or are just beginning to learn English. Occasionally, students who have missed many school days because they were ill or because of frequent moves are recommended for retention.
Research indicates that neither grade retention nor social promotion (the practice of promoting students with their same age-peers although they have not mastered current grade level content) is likely to enhance a child’s learning. Research and common sense both indicate that simply having a child repeat a grade is unlikely to address the problems a child is experiencing. Likewise, simply promoting a student who is experiencing academic or behavioral problems to the next grade without additional support is not likely to be an effective solution either.
When faced with a recommendation to retain a child, the real task is not to decide to retain or not to retain but, rather, to identify specific intervention strategies to enhance the cognitive and social development of the child and promote his or her learning and success at school.
Given the evidence indicating that grade retention, when compared with social promotion of similar children, is an ineffective and possibly harmful intervention, “promotion plus” (i.e., combining grade promotion and effective, evidence-based interventions) is most likely to benefit children with low achievement or behavior problems.
Too often, anecdotal evidence, clinical experience, and folklore overshadow the results of empirical research. But what does research show? Is retention effective? The following information, taken from research during the last 100 years, can help parents better understand the possible effects of retention on their child and advocate for effective intervention strategies.
Effects of grade retention. The body of research on retention indicates that:
• Initial academic improvements may occur during the year the student is retained. However, many research studies show that achievement gains decline within 2–3 years of retention. This means that over time, children who were retained either do not show higher achievement, or sometimes show lower achievement than similar groups of children who were not retained. Without specific interventions, most retained students do not catch up.
• In adolescence, retained students are more likely to experience problems such as poor interactions with peers, disliking school, behavior problems, and lower self-esteem.
• Students who were retained are 5–11 times more likely to drop out of school. The probability is even higher for students who are retained more than once. Actually, grade retention is one of the most powerful predictors of high school drop out.
• For most students, grade retention had a negative impact on all areas of achievement (e.g., reading, math, and oral and written language) and social and emotional adjustment (e.g., peer relationships, selfesteem, problem behaviors, and attendance).
• A study of sixth graders perceptions indicated that they consider retention as one of the most stressful life events.
continued...
...continued
Delete• Retention may help students who have missed many days of school, but only if their attendance improves and if the child will not be considerably older than the other students. At this time, however, there are no specific indicators that predict which children could benefit from retention.
Alternative strategies. However, research does provide evidence that supports the effectiveness of other educational interventions.... [END QUOTE]
Heh. I discourage feeding the trolls, of which group I'm sometimes (rightfully) considered a member, but you just gave an example of why we shouldn't. Thanks.
DeleteMao
Hello everyone out there, i want to testify of the great and wonderful work of DR harry has done for me with his herbal cream , in the past few years i have being going through a lot of hard times in many relationship am always into, because of the small size of my dick which was not big enough to satisfy a woman in bed , so which always end up in series of breakup in my relationship with women,because of this i have tried so many drugs and medicine enlarge my dick but did not work out, then i decided to search online for solution to my problem and then i came across so many testimony on how Dr HARRY HERBAL CREAM have helped them find solution to their problems,so i contacted him on his email drharrysolution@gmail.com and told him about my small penis and ejaculation issue, he told me not to worry that he will help me to be a real man again, i did not believe he can help me but i gave him a try,he told me what to do and then send me his herbal cream and medicine which i used for two weeks and it worked for me,now am a happy man. He can also cure diabetes,H.I.V and any kind of sickness you have. you can contact him on his email on (drharrysolution@gmail.com) This will be the end of your sexual problems and other problems or call his mobile phone +2349036417079 for more prove whatsapp me on +1(715)(303)(0893) thank you Dr Harry may God bless you ...
DeleteHello everyone out there, i want to testify of the great and wonderful work of DR harry has done for me with his herbal cream , in the past few years i have being going through a lot of hard times in many relationship am always into, because of the small size of my dick which was not big enough to satisfy a woman in bed , so which always end up in series of breakup in my relationship with women,because of this i have tried so many drugs and medicine enlarge my dick but did not work out, then i decided to search online for solution to my problem and then i came across so many testimony on how Dr HARRY HERBAL CREAM have helped them find solution to their problems,so i contacted him on his email drharrysolution@gmail.com and told him about my small penis and ejaculation issue, he told me not to worry that he will help me to be a real man again, i did not believe he can help me but i gave him a try,he told me what to do and then send me his herbal cream and medicine which i used for two weeks and it worked for me,now am a happy man. He can also cure diabetes,H.I.V and any kind of sickness you have. you can contact him on his email on (drharrysolution@gmail.com) This will be the end of your sexual problems and other problems or call his mobile phone +2349036417079 for more prove whatsapp me on +1(715)(303)(0893) thank you Dr Harry may God bless you ...
DeleteThe link in Somerby's article concerning Stephen leads to a description of Kozol being fired for reading Langston Hughes to his 4th graders, deviating from the curriculum. How exactly is reading an adult poem help those kids who are 2years behind catch up.
ReplyDeleteSomerby implies that nothing has changed for black kids. I will bet that none of them are being whipped in the basement as Stephen was. That is a huge change in public schools nationwide.
I lived in Newton for a few years. It has a beautiful, large public library. What has happened to public libraries across the board in past decades? Even in wealthy communities! The internet is no substitute.
Somerby cares about gaps. Does he care about libraries? Hard to tell.
You, yourself, must be terribly concerned with the role libraries are playing in communities these days for you to trouble yourself enough to include taking notice of Somerby's apparent failure to do something about it here, in the latest of your unending, whiny, pointless comments. You're quite the activist, 2:19 PM.
DeleteThese threads' lyin' lonely troll 2:19 PM writes:
Delete_______________________
The link in Somerby's article concerning Stephen leads to a description of Kozol being fired for reading Langston Hughes to his 4th graders, deviating from the curriculum. How exactly is reading an adult poem help those kids who are 2 years behind catch up.
_______________________
Here are three stanzas from the "adult poem" in the audio available at Somerby's link, which, in order to have something to whine about, 2:19 PM would have you believe leaves one baffled as to what its usefulness might be to academically under achieving inner city grade school students:
[QUOTE] Jonathan Kozol: They'd had nine sustitute teachers that year, before me. They were called "the bad fourth grade."
NPR education correspondent Claudio Sanchez: Some could barely read or write.
Kozol: I just would do anything to get them to want to read, to want to read something.
Sanchez: The curriculum though, was a reflection of its time.
Kozol: Jane and Spot kind of stories.
Sanchez: The children, says Kozol, had no interest in that at all.
Kozol: So finally, I settled on Langston Hughes, probably the most respected black poet in America, one of the most respected poets, period.
Sanchez: One poem, in particular, mesmerized his students.
Kozol: Landlord, landlord,
My roof has sprung a leak.
Don’t you ’member I told you about it
Way last week?
Landlord, landlord,
These steps is broken down.
When you come up yourself
It’s a wonder you don’t fall down.
Sanchez: The poem was titled, The Ballad of the Landlord.
Kozol: What? You gonna get eviction orders?
You gonna cut off my heat?
You gonna take my furniture and
Throw it in the street?
Kozol: It was like the first time I had come into the class that they all were on the edge of their seats. A child, who had been quite belligerent to me and not trusting of me, came up to me and sort of touched my shoulder and asked me if she could bring that book home to her mother, the Landlord poem. [END QUOTE]
So, the problem was that they just didn't want to read? Don't be an idiot.
DeleteThis is like the movies that fix educational problems using hiphop. They suggest that if you really really care then learning magically happens, no teacher training or expertise needed.
Those kids just needed to hear the right poem, that's all.
The lyin' lonely troll doubles down. That's what trolls do.
Delete"Those kids just needed to hear the right poem, that's all."
DeleteYes, you inadvertently stumbled across a real truth. Internal change can happen in an instant. You, unfortunately, seem set in your ways, and I'd be surprised if you ever have listened to hip-hop, because it is, like rap, a genuine and meaningful form of expression. Just like the blues.
Cmike, thank you for the details.
Leroy
Somerby implies that nothing has changed for black kids.
DeleteYou don't read this blog much, do you? Somerby has many times written about how much better the situation is now from then. In this post he is talking specifically about achievement gaps, not general treatment, segregation, etc.
Somerby cares about gaps. Does he care about libraries? Hard to tell.
What? The post wasn't about libraries. Why should he mention them?
"Consider the gap between the Newton, Mass. public schools—the schools Kozol attended as a child—and the public schools of Flint, Michigan, grades 3-8 inclusive:...
ReplyDeleteThose numbers emerge from a recent exhaustive study by Professor Reardon and two associates....
This would mean that the average sixth-grader in Newton's public schools was 5.4 grade levels ahead of the average student in Flint."
Bob Somerby
"Mr. Reardon said the analysis should not be used to rank districts or schools."
NYT Article to which Somerby linked.
"Because districts in different states use different achievement tests, proficiency categories in different states are not comparable"
Reardon Study
Bob is so full of it.
The ironic thing is, prompted by Bob's own posts about education, the more I learn, the more I'm aware of Bob's shortcomings when he writes about this. His misinterpretation of studies or his unwillingness to examine them in a serious way really undermines his value as a writer on educational matters.
DeleteHe seems troubled by achievement gaps, and seems to imply a connection between poverty and student performance. He acts as if everyone is ignoring this, from Rachel to any and all academics who study education to interested parties calling for reform.
The trouble is, there is a wealth of discussion and study of poverty and its effects on education. People who deal with education every day and who are passionate about it are well aware of the issues surrounding poverty. That was the motivating factor behind Title One back in 1965. That also leads to programs like the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs and the Child Nutrition Act, as well as the introduction of Advanced Placement programs in schools. The latter idea speaks to Somerby's complaint that you shouldn't "teach the same math to all students." But he never, to my knowledge, acknowledges any of this.
Somerby could consider acting as a real journalist here: talk about his own experiences in the classroom, delve into the plethora of resources that discuss real issues, look at what actual teachers have to say...for example. If you are going to criticize everyone else for their ideas about standards and reform, shouldn't you at least try to offer your own practical ideas? Otherwise, you are just sitting on the sidelines acting like a heckler.
But he seems to prefer telling us that no one cares.
Except himself, of course.
Somerby is primarily writing about the media. Education is just one topic that he cares about a lot and he wants the media to pay more attention to it. He is not pretending to be an education writer himself, though he does offer his opinions.
DeleteIt's obvious to everyone, including Somerby, that the gaps based on income and race have been discussed ad nauseam for the past few decades. I think you're misunderstanding Somerby's emphasis. He's not saying nobody cares -- he's saying nobody in the liberal media cares. And thus the educational system is being ruled by dogmatists, with what he'd see as right-wing agendas (e.g. "raise standards and the achievements will follow").
If you search through his archives you will find some instances where he describes his experiences as a teacher, though not a lot. You are correct that he doesn't offer a lot of solutions. He would probably respond that he's not trying to solve the problem here, just to get the media to talk about it in an open and honest way.
I’m glad Bob focuses on this issue. There is nothing more important than a well-rounded education in terms of welfare for humanity, which at an early age should include exposure to the arts and critical thinking. Unfortunately, that seems to be the privilege of the rich.
ReplyDeleteExposure to the Humanities, Science and Civics seems not much part of the public schools’ curriculum nowadays, unless you live in a wealthy community. Such exposure occurs much later in the educational system, where its potency for change has been diminished if only youngsters had been exposed much earlier.
I’d like to hear more from Bob regarding privatization of our schools, because that, to me, is a menacing proposition.
Bob will say exactly nothing about privatization. He claims he is only interested in public schools, as if the two weren't connected.
DeleteAs far as your assertion that humanities, science, and civics don't seem to be part of the curriculum, what evidence do you have for that?
My cousin teaches advanced music theory and other music classes, including directing multiple choirs, in a rural school district in a Southern state.
One pretty clear takeaway from Bob is that it is easy and often misleading or hurtful to throw out blanket statements like "humanities, science, and civics don't seem to be part of the curriculum" (especially without evidence) because those kinds of statements can be used by reformers with ulterior motives.
If, on the other hand, your statement is true, then the public schools do need to be "reformed" to offer those courses.
"My cousin teaches advanced music theory and other music classes, including directing multiple choirs, in a rural school district in a Southern state."
DeleteWhat type of school? High-school, or college? Is it publicly funded? I think you miss my point. Good schools exist. Where are they going?
But your criticism is well taken. I haven’t the evidence that you seek. I was lucky enough to have been well-educated in public schools, and I wish everyone had my experiences. Not to change the subject, but we now have a tangerine as our President, and Maddow as a “liberal”. Hence my broad brush.
Hello Every One Out Here.
ReplyDeleteI'm from USA Dallas. Am writing this great article to appreciate the good work of Dr IyaryI. I have been married for 2 years with pain and agony because my husband left me for another lady. I was reviewing some post on the internet on how i could get back my husband then, i saw a post by Kim Carberry from Canada. who testified of Dr IyaryI the almighty spiritual caster. I contacted Kim Carberry to confirm about Dr IyaryI and she guaranteed me and gave me the courage to contact Dr IyaryI for help. So, i contacted him and he assured me that my days of sorrows are over that i will get back my husband within 24 hours. I did all what he told me and am very happy today that my husband is back to me and we are now living happily like never before and i can boldly and proudly testify to the world that Dr IyaryI is a good and remarkable helper that specializes on different kind of spells. If you need his help, then contact him on E-mail: (driayaryi2012@hotmail.com) And also Reach him on WhatsApp Number: +2349057915709 Thanks Dr IyaryI
Powerful Love Spell Caster-Get Your Ex Wife/Husband Back Fast Now By Dr.Happy..My name is John Cooney from NJ Usa, I want to quickly tell the world that there is a real on line spell caster that is powerful and genuine, His name is Dr happy he helped me recently to reunite my relationship with my wife who left me, When i contacted Dr happy he cast an urgent love spell for me, and my wife who said she doesn't have anything to do with me again called me and started begging me to come back. she is back now with so much love and care. today i am glad to let you all know that this spell caster have the powers to restore broken marriage/relationship back. because i am now happy with my wife. to anyone who is reading this article and needs any help, Dr happy can also offer any type of help like, Curing of all types of Diseases, Court Cases, Pregnancy Spell, urgent love spell,Spiritual protection and lot's more. You can contact him Via his email happylovespell2@gmail.com also His blogs site... https://happylovespell2.blogspot.com.ng/ for more info, whatsapp/call...+2348133873774
ReplyDeleteVisit his Web site...http://happylovespel.webs.com/
I NEED MY EX BACK DESPERATELY EMAIL DR. TRUST THROUGH HIS WEBSITE FOR URGENT AND FAST HELP: http://utimatespellcast.blogspot.com.ng/
ReplyDeleteHI AM Sharon Poore Sidwell!! from Australia. with this great tears of joy and happiness in my heart today I want to give an unlimited thanks to this man Called Dr. Trust. I am happy today because my husband is now back with full of love, My husband left me for another woman,just because we had a little misunderstanding. he left me and promise he will never come back to me again. i cry all day looking for a genuine spell caster to help me bring him back. Then i saw a testimony share on the internet by miss Karen. i email him and tell him my problems with my ex husband, and he promise to bring him back home within 2 days. indeed he is wonderful he help me to get my husband back within 2days which he promise and my husband return to me and promise to love me forever and beg me for the pain he caused me. I will forever be grateful to you Dr Trust and i will not stop to publish your name on the internet for people to see how truthful you are. And I want to say to everyone on this site that I will always remain thankful to this man Dr. Trust for all he has done for me,My husband is back with love,caring,truthful and he promise to love me forever.I have made a promise that every body I know will never have a relationship problem, via email (Ultimatespellcast@gmail.com or Ultimatespellcast@yahoo.com call him +2348156885231)
ReplyDeleteSir I am the happpiest woman today in this whole wide world. Dr. joy you really did it..Yes.. Its a miracle and everlasting pleasure and cheerfulness for me and my family today..Thank you Sir for your precious help. You are a genuine spell caster and you will never be forgotten for making me a fulfilled woman once again.. You are my hero.. The kids are overjoyed to have their father come back home for good.contact him if you need urgent help in your relationship.via joylovespell@gmail.com or joylovespell@gmail.com.you can also call him or add him on Whats-app: +2348100452479.
Hello,
ReplyDeleteI'm Dr Ogudugu, a real and genuine spell caster/Spiritual healer with years of experience in spell casting and an expert in all spells, i specialize exclusively in LOVE SPELL/GET REUNITE WITH EX LOVER, MONEY SPELL, POWERFUL MAGIC RING, ANY COURT CASES, FRUIT OF THE WOMB, HIV CURE, CURE FOR CANCER, HERPES, DIABETE, HERPERTITIS B, PARKINSON’S HERBAL CURE, BECOMING A MERMAID, BECOMING A VAMPIRE, SAVE CHILD BIRTH. They are all %100 Guaranteed QUICK Results, it most work. If you have any problem and you need a real and genuine spell caster to solve your problems, contact me now through my personal Email Address with problem case...Note-you can also Text/Call on WhatsApp.
Contact me -
Email: greatogudugu@gmail.com
WhatsApp No: +27663492930
Do you need an urgent loan of any kind? Loans to liquidate debts or need to loan to improve your business have you been rejected by any other banks and financial institutions? Do you need a loan or a mortgage? This is the place to look, we are here to solve all your financial problems. We borrow money for the public. Need financial help with a bad creditor in need of money. To pay for a commercial investment at a reasonable rate of 3%, let me use this method to inform you that we are providing reliable and helpful assistance and we will be ready to lend you. Contact us today by email: daveloganloanfirm@gmail.com Call/Text: +1(501)800-0690 And whatsapp: +1 (315) 640-3560
ReplyDeleteNEED A LOAN?
Ask Me.
We offer personal Business loans services around the world. We strive to provide high quality service and high customer satisfaction, while possible financial services. We pride ourselves on our commitment to our customers; We can give you personal loans, auto loans, business / investment loans, short term loans. You can contact us for an affordable loan now at 2% interest rate. Contact us now via E-mail: abdullahibrahimlender@gmail.com
ReplyDeleteWhatsApp Number +918929490461
Mr Abdullah Ibrahim