THURSDAY, MAY 9, 2024
Reasoning like an Achaean: Truth be told, it didn't take much to snap the Achaeans back into line.
We return to the late Bronze Age—to the (presumably fictional) Achaean siege of Troy.
In Book Nine of the western world's first poem of war, Agamemnon lord of men suffers his latest meltdown. The murderous siege is in its tenth year at this point in time.
As we noted yesterday, Agamemnon carries the royal scepter, a legacy tracking to Zeus. But when he tells the chieftains in a nighttime council that they will never conquer Troy—when he advises them to sail back home—Diomedes of the battle cry rises and rudely objects.
In yesterday's report, we showed you part of the text.
Diomedes vows that he will stay and continue to fight, Zeus' monarch be damned. Homer records the reaction of the chieftains to what Diomedes has said:
"And all the Achaeans shouted their assent, stirred by the stallion-breaking Diomedes' challenge."
The unity of the clan was coming undone. At this point, Nestor scrambles to his feet and turns the tide of tribal impulse:
And all the Achaeans shouted their assent,
stirred by the stallion-breaking Diomedes' challenge.
But Nestor the old driver rose and spoke at once:
"Few can match your power in battle, Diomedes,
and in council you excel all men your age.
So no one could make light of your proposals,
not the whole army—who could contradict you?
But you don't press on and reach a useful end.
How young you are—why, you could be my son,
my youngest-born at that, though you urge our kings
with cool clear sense: what you've said is right.
But it's my turn now, Diomedes,
I think I can claim to have some years on you.
So I must speak up and drive the matter home.
And no one will heap contempt on what I say,
not even mighty Agamemnon. Lost to the clan,
lost to the hearth, lost to the old ways, that one
who lusts for all the horrors of war with his own people.
Nestor directs the sentries to "take up posts, squads fronting the trench we dug outside the rampart."
He then directs the lord of men to prepare a feast "for all your senior chiefs." ("That is your duty, a service that becomes you.")
As he concludes his remarks, he continues addressing the lord of men. History records the way the troops reacted:
"Come, gather us all and we will heed that man
who gives the best advice. That's what they need,
I tell you—all the Achaeans—good sound advice,
now our enemies, camping hard against the ships,
kindle their watchfires round us by the thousands.
What soldier could warm to that? Tonight's the night
that rips our ranks to shreds or pulls us through."
The troops hung on his words and took his orders.
Out they rushed, the sentries in armor, forming
under the son of Nestor, captain Thrasymedes...
It didn't take much to convince the Achaeans. "Out they rushed, the sentries in armor," prepared to continue their siege. During his feast with his senior commanders, the lord of men confesses to his latest bout of "madness."
So it went in the days when the Achaeans waged war against Troy.
We're going to wait until tomorrow to examine their reason for staging this war in the first place. All in all, it didn't take much to convince the Achaeans that they should stand and continue to fight.
Put another way, it didn't take much to convince the troops that they should align themselves with the will of "the clan"—that above all else, they must avoid the horrors of war, of disagreement, with their own people.
Walk like an Egyptian, the Bangles once thoughtfully said. The year was 1986.
All these years later, the recording boasts its own Wikipedia page. The leading authority on the recording offers such nuggets as these:
Walk Like an Egyptian
"Walk Like an Egyptian" is a song by the American band the Bangles. It was released in September 1986 as the third single from the band's second studio album, Different Light (1986). It was the band's first number-one single, being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and was ranked Billboard's number-one song of 1987.
Composition
Liam Sternberg said he was inspired to create the song while on a ferry crossing the English Channel. When the vessel hit choppy water, passengers stepped carefully and moved their arms awkwardly while struggling to maintain their balance, and that reminded Sternberg of the depiction of human figures in ancient Egyptian tomb paintings. He wrote the words "Walk like an Egyptian" in a notebook. Later, Sternberg looked back in the notebook and, composing the melody with a guitar, he put together an up-tempo song with lyrics about Egyptian hieroglyphs, the Nile River, crocodiles, desert sand, bazaars and hookah pipes and then segued into modern scenes of blonde waitresses, school children and police officers.
Chart performance
"Walk Like an Egyptian" was the third single released from Different Light. It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 1986. The song reached a peak of number three on the UK Singles Chart in November 1986 and reached number one in the US on December 20, staying at the top of the Hot 100 for four weeks, carrying it over into January 1987...
Airplay restrictions
"Walk Like an Egyptian" was one of the songs which were claimed to have been banned by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks. In researching this, Snopes found that the list was simply suggestions regarding songs to be sensitive about when deciding what to play. It was also included in a "list of records to be avoided" drawn up by the BBC during the Gulf War.
Everyone liked the silly song—until the Gulf War started, followed by the September 11 attack.
Walk like an Egyptian, the Bangles had advised. At the present time, is it possible that we the people of our two Americas are reasoning like the Achaeans?
(To the extent that our reactions and impulses involve any "reasoning" at all.)
As sacred Homer once recorded, it didn't take much to rally the troops after Agamemnon, lord of men, suffered his latest meltdown. Animal spirit drove their reaction—animal spirit, and the desire to avoid breaking faith with the clan.
The current impulses of our own Blue tribe have us thinking back to that first war poem. More specifically, those impulses—those reactions—make us think of the motive which brought the Achaeans troops to the plains outside Troy in the first place.
Similar impulses are at play in Book One of the great war poem—in the chapter called "The Rage of Achilles." In fact, the Iliad is driven by bouts of rage throughout-and that includes the primal bout of rage which originally led the Achaeans to sail for Troy.
By modern standards, the Achaeans of the Iliad are basically out of their minds. They fight and die on the plains outside Troy because of one particular (perceived) blow to their honor.
They've already fought and died for more than nine years as the poem starts. Now, a new bout of rage defines the structure of the ensuing poem—a bout of rage on the part of mighty Achilles, but also a bout of rage on the part of Agamemnon, lord of men.
There's only one motive in all this conduct. We sometimes think we smell the same motive driving our own Blue tribe forward at the present time.
No one is walking like an Egyptian as a certain trial in Gotham proceeds. But are we reasoning like the Achaeans? Possibly more to the point:
Is any of this actually tied to something called "reason" at all?
Tomorrow: Sources of rage
Pete McCloskey has died. Dick Rutan has died.
ReplyDeleteSomerby's mind has died.
DeleteAnd his integrity.
Au revoir, Pete and Dick.
DeleteAnonymouse 11:58am, have you asked him for your money back?
DeleteSo triggered, Somerby's White Knight leaps into action to defend the honor of Trump's White Knight.
DeleteSure, we can laugh at these loons, mock their emotional outbursts, but these people are suffering. Somerby does not give a shit about these people and their suffering, they are just tools for him to weaponize.
12:10 PM, your way to cope is hilarious.
DeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteAnonymices , it’s an obvious question.
DeleteIt’s you who are bellyaching as though you’re being held captive in Bob’s basement.
I for one am being held captive. Please call the swat team.
Delete@12:19 &12:29:
DeleteSo playyyyyyyyyyyyyyed!
I'm being held in Ronald Reagan's dystopia.
DeleteSomerby says: "We return to the late Bronze Age—to the (presumably fictional) Achaean siege of Troy. "
ReplyDeleteThen he says: "Homer records the reaction of the chieftains to what Diomedes has said:"
And then later he says: "Homer records the reaction of the chieftains to what Diomedes has said:"
When something is fiction, the author is not "recording" anything. He is making things up.
Why can't Homer be recording stuff instead of inventing it? Because Homer himself may be an invention. He may not have existed at all, or he may be a composite of several authors who contributed to the Iliad over a lengthy period of time. But even if he did exist, he did not live in the time period described by his poem. Not even close. He lived hundreds of years later, during a time when Troy did not exist and the location of Troy was not known, if it had previously existed.
But this illustrates Somerby's careless manner of acknowledging uncertainties. He speaks out of both sides of his mouth, then ignores the controversy and picks the side he prefers, then later disavows that he has done so, wishing to have it all ways.
He does this with political views too. You cannot pin him down because he says something supporting all sides, contradicts himself, espouses a single view, then says he has no position, all in the same essay. Much as he acknowledges that the Iliad is likely fiction and then treats it as a historical record using inappropriate words that contradict his earlier statement.The Iliad is not even historical fiction because the author(s) did not have access to enough factual information to make the poem real, hundreds of years after Troy may have fallen (if it was not abandoned or simply fell into disuse).
That makes this Somerby's fantasy. It is fair to ask what this over-discussed fantasy means to Somerby, other than a way to fill a page with words that mean nothing to anyone reading them, as performance art or a game or a way to be paid by the word for "influencing" a group he no longer has any influence over. Whatever the Iliad means to Somerby, it is an empty exercise to the rest of us. Somerby cannot even claim to be a scholar of ancient times, because he ignores the realities and tries to pretend that there was a Troy, a Homer, and a history beyond Homer's fiction.
The Trojan War may have happened. If so, bards sang of it, while it was happening, immediately after, and during the following centuries. Those bards were Homer.
DeleteOr maybe it's all malarkey.
Somerby is clear about one thing: the media often suck.
DeleteSomerby only offers views on corporate media, and often seems to act surprised that they push a corporate agenda.
DeleteThe usage of corporate media as a primary source of information by Americans has been on a steep decline over the last few decades, as new media surges, all ignored by Somerby since this circumstance does not benefit his personal agenda.
Is our media Achaeans now?
DeleteAnonymouse 12:37pm, no, they’re the hydra.
DeleteIf Bards were singing about the Trojan war, it wasn't with the detail found in the Iliad.
DeleteThe unknown ancient bards may have sung plenty of details. Even some accurate details. Who knows?
DeleteThere is no way to determine the accuracy of any details sung by bards after the fall of Troy.
DeleteIf you thought the Acheans were irrelevant, what do you think about Bob's discussion of "Walk Like an Egyptian"?
ReplyDeleteYou ain't seen nothin' yet. Are you ready for Steve Martin?
Deletehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYbavuReVF4
Some say it is a mind virus to respect others and be concerned about those being oppressed.
DeleteSuch people Walk Like A Bigot.
It's a metaphor for following group behaviors without critical analysis.
DeleteI would have gone with that ode to fascism “let’s all do the twist.”
DeleteWe haven't heard from Paul Campos for a while.
ReplyDeletehttps://www.lawyersgunsmoneyblog.com/2024/05/kind-of-rapey
The main subject of the Iliad, it seems to me, is the refusal of Achilles to fight. He is an “Achaean”, but is enraged at Agamemnon. Even though he himself is Greek, he prays to the gods to disfavor the Greeks in the war. The tide turns against the Greeks until Agamemnon relents.
ReplyDeleteThe opening lines of the Iliad read:
“Sing, Goddess, of the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,
the accursed rage that brought great suffering to the Achaeans,”
“ the Achaeans of the Iliad are basically out of their minds.”
ReplyDeleteAlways accuse people of being insane. It papers over deeper considerations.
Does the blue tribe come and go like a Karma Chameleon?
ReplyDeleteDoes the blue tribe have a human race, or are we eyes without a face?
Is Greece the word?
Apparently Somerby has opted out of ever seriously discussing the way the mainstream media treats Biden. Apparently he will only write about Trump, biding his time between trial sessions with inanities like today’s post.
ReplyDeleteThe mainstream media claims the Democratic Party is facing waning enthusiasm for Biden. President Joe Biden has had persistently negative poll numbers since the fall of his first year in office in 2021 but that's not "waning".
DeleteCrickets from Somerby.
Kristi Noem showed us how to deal with Crickets.
Delete1:58: apparently you missed all of Somerby’s posts where he shows bad poll numbers for Biden. Or the ones where he complains about Biden’s age and supposed low energy level. So, no, it isn’t crickets from Somerby. He echoes the media on those topics. I was referring to coverage of Biden in office, making policy decisions, ending the war in Afghanistan, his economic policies. In fact, there often seems to be nothing but your brand of commentary.
DeleteBiden is leading in two swing state polls today, AZ and WI. His general trend is increasing poll numbers.
DeleteIf President Biden can make strategic changes to his unpopular policies, he still has a chance of winning the election, despite polls showing he would lose if the election were held today.
DeletePolls are no longer showing he would lose if the election were held today. Does that mean he changed unpopular policies already? Maybe you should check and see.
DeletePolls are still showing he would lose if the election were held today.
DeleteNo, they are not. They are mostly showing a tie or Biden ahead (when RFK Jr. and third party candidates are not included). He has been ahead for the past week or two.
DeleteOne problem for Trump is that no one knows what the Nikki Haley voters will do. They were close to 22% in the Indiana primary this week (she was not on the ballot). They won't be voting for Trump.
And here's another problem. Polls of the general public involve a lot of low-information voters who don't even know Trump is on trial. Among those who actually go to the polls (registered voters and likely voters), Biden routinely comes out ahead of Trump. The best predictor of the future is what happened in the past. They are predicting a low-turnout election that Biden will win, especially given that swing states are turning his way now, just like in 2020.
Of course, abortion rights could be a bigger factor that Trumpies are aware of. Strength for Biden is occurring in suburbs where abortion is an important issue. Concerns about abortion may result in a landslide in favor of Biden, driven by educated men and especially women, who are worried about losing equal rights and becoming second-class citizens.
That's what I meant. We are saying the same thing. Polls are still showing Biden would lose if the election were held today. (They may barely show a dead heat if you take out third party candidates but if the election were held today they would be included.)
DeleteNo, we are not saying the same thing. I am saying that the polls don't support your claim. I am also saying that the polls have been inaccurate all along. Biden is over-performing relative to the polls, while Trump is hugely underperforming (to the tune of 10 pts in the primaries). Most people who follow polls understand that they are majorly imperfect as predictors of actual election results, so you cannot make a firm statement like Trump would win based on poll numbers.
DeleteThe fact remains polls are still showing Biden would lose if the election were held today.
DeleteNo, that is a lie.
Delete@7:45 is a bot so he doesn’t know what “margin of error” means.
DeleteYou're right. Biden trails in almost every major swing state — not to mention in most national polls. But not by a lot. He would probably lose the election of it was held today but early polls are not reliable predictors of the final outcome.
DeleteBiden has always been viewed unfavorably. His poll numbers started dropping when he became president and really never stopped going down. Voters trust Trump more to handle several issues including immigration, jobs/the economy and foreign policy. But there have been significant errors in early polls in past elections. Trumps dominance over Biden in the polls may not accurately reflect the final results. We do agree about that.
Trump's outright contempt for Republican voters is something all great Americans should emulate.
DeleteAchaeans are good decent persons.
ReplyDeleteTrojans aren’t.
DeleteTrojans are most likely insane.
DeleteA bipartisan bill to ban marriage by sixteen-year-olds in Missouri is blocked by Republicans:
ReplyDeletehttps://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article288424893.html
Reason like an Achaean…Walk like an Achaean…walk like an Egyptian!…ba dum dum
ReplyDeleteThe comedy stylings of Bob Somerby, coming to you live from a state mental asylum near you.
…just don’t use the word crazy…
And now, why there are too many damn kinds of cereal…
The Illiad is poem. It should be translated as a poem. Odysseus is the pissiest
ReplyDeleteAchilles gives me the willies
Zeus is obtuse,
But, Nestor is the bester
Your real talent was in actuarial science.
Delete"Everyone liked the silly song—until the Gulf War started, followed by the September 11 attack."
ReplyDeleteMy recollection is that the September 11 attack came first, then the Gulf War as retaliation.
Gulf War, 2 August 1990 - 28 February 1991.
Delete9/11, 11 September 2001.
Iraq War, 20 March 2003 - 18 December 2011.
Thank you. I was confusing the Gulf War with the Iraq War.
DeleteIt’s nothing to be ashamed of. Everyone makes mistakes.
DeleteSomerby pretends that rage is a bad thing. The purpose of anger (rage) is to motivate change. It arises when we feel we have been deliberately wronged. Rage without action toward change will turn to frustration. The purpose of frustration is to motivate an evaluation and adjustment of goals, to choose and shift to more achievable goals.
ReplyDeleteThese are not bad emotions to feel. They give us a readout of where we stand in relation to important needs and desires based on what is happening in our environment. Such emotions help us decide how to allocate our energy and resources.
Anger is healthy when directed toward making things better in our environment. Anger that is misdirected toward people or unchangeable things can be destructive to the extent that it does nothing to solve the problem at hand, and that it may be perceived by others as an unfair attack, which will give rise to anger in others.
Anger is distinct from pain-induced aggression. A person or animal that has been hurt (and thus feels pain) will strike out and attack the source of the attack. This is instinctive and automatic. Pain can be physical or psychic. This is why a dog that has been hit by a car may bite the person who is trying to rescue it.
Somerby has a primitive understanding of emotion and seems to misunderstand what he sees going on around him when he equates the blue tribe with Greeks or red tribe members or Egyptians. He may be stuck in a Catholic teaching that anger is wrong, or a zen belief that all emotions connect one to the word and are thus counter-productive. Or maybe righteous anger, like that felt by MLK and directed toward achieving civil rights, frightens Somerby because it comes from people he knows have been deliberately wronged over time.
I hope the blue tribe never loses its anger over the wrongs that occur and need changing in our society. We should feel angry about what Trump did and work very hard to keep him from ever doing such things again. The anger in protests needs to be directed toward solutions to our problems, not simply an expression of pain displaced onto whoever is nearby.
I cherish my rage.
DeleteRage cherished us back with its long claws and teeth.
DeleteI am perpetually enraged and outraged.
DeleteRx: cabin, boat, lake
Delete2:31: you must be a right winger.
Delete@2:52 PM
DeleteYes, correct: I am a Democrat.
This post is not a condemnation of rage itself but a caution against unexamined rage that may lead to irrational actions.
DeleteIt is outrageous for Somerby to imply that if the Achaeans are driven by rage (which he doesn't seem to understand himself) that the blue tribe may be similarly driven by rage in Trump's trial.
DeleteFor one thing, the Democrats are not the prosecution in that cash. The People of New York are. A grand jury, an investigation, and the District Attorney all made the decision to bring charges against Trump -- not the Democratic Party, not Biden, and not "the blue tribe" (whatever Somerby means by that).
Second, the prosecution is not impetuous or rage-inspired but is unemotional, cold-blooded, deliberate, and in accordance with the law governing trials. An impartial judge is similarly disengaged emotionally and doing his job according to the rules and professional ethics.
Third, Stormy Daniels may still feel anger toward Trump, because she was personally wronged by him. She is entitled to that feeling. But she did not bring charges or have any role in his prosecution. She was subpoenaed, like other witnesses, and is giving evidence under oath to what happened between her and Trump. Those acts were what Trump sought to cover up, but they are not the crime he committed against the State of New York and its people (Stormy doesn't live there). She is not seeking or obtaining revenge with her testimony. She may feel some satisfaction that he is finally being brought to justice, but that has nothing to do with whatever anger she feels about his behavior with her. She did nothing to bring about this prosecution.
Fourth, many of us feel anger about things that Trump has done. We too did nothing to bring this prosecution about and our anger is not satisfied by his trial. Trump didn't have sex with me or pay me any hush money. I DO want to see him prosecution for 1/6 and for taking the classified documents. Those are crimes that affected me and all other citizens. This trial is not about his crimes against our nation.
Somerby asks whether this trial is tied to reason. Of course it is. We have laws because a lawless society is bad for us all. Trump breaks a lot of laws with impunity and that is not good for the rest of us. He needs to be stopped from doing illegal things and this is the process for accomplishing that. All of that is entirely reasonable.
Somerby's failure to understand how our law-governed society works is noted. His own inability to understand this doesn't make him right when he complains that the blue tribe is irrational, or whatever his complaint is today. We have due process to avoid taking action based on emotions like rage. That is the opposite of what Somerby claims is happening.
Somerby's reasoning is ridiculous, but his real purpose here today is to blame the Democrats for Trump's trial and undercut what Stormy Daniels said Trump did. Notice that Somerby has said not a single word about her testimony. We should all read her testimony before deciding how to vote for president, because a man who behaves like that with women lacks the character to be president, not to mention his promises to the oil industry, his selling his NFTs, and the rest of his ridiculousness. You don't have to hate someone to vote against him.
ReplyDeleteI cope by spamming Somerby's blog. I have tons of delicious word-salads. Somerby is no liberal.
I am Corby.
And all in service to morphing Bob’s observation of the madness of a ten year war over a nobleman’s wife, into Bob being avoidant in recognizing injustice.
DeleteAgamemnon should have stayed home.
DeleteZeus played him.
DeleteIt’s quite facile to call everything “madness”, isn’t it? According to the source of all knowledge on the internet:
Delete“According to Homer, Menelaus and his ally, Odysseus, travelled to Troy, where they unsuccessfully sought to recover Helen by diplomatic means.
Menelaus then asked Agamemnon to help him enforce the oath of Helen's suitors, which was to defend her marriage, regardless of which suitor was chosen. Agamemnon agreed, and sent emissaries to all the Achaean kings and princes to call them to observe their oath and retrieve Helen.”
They had taken an oath.
I play bridge with Helen and Odysseus. Somerby is an ass.
DeleteI am Corby.
All the time Somerby wastes re-reading the Iliad could have been spent playing bridge.
DeleteThere is no evidence that Helen ever met Odysseus.
Anonymouse 2:45pm, Agamenon attested to his own madness which he claimed as being brought on by the gods. A madness that resulted in the sacrifice of his daughter.
DeleteThe Lord of Men came to senses, his army not so much.
Wars are never fought for the ostensible reasons given. There are always economic and political reasons supporting the decision to start a war. That's why Somerby's contention that we can learn things from claims that the gods make men mad is ridiculous. The reasons why the Greeks attacked Troy are lost in time. I guarantee it wasn't because the gods made any of the key players "mad".
DeleteTelemachus visited Helen.
DeleteAnonymouse 4:55pm, we aren’t positive that there was a Trojan War.
DeleteHow, oh how, could we possibly learn anything about humanity from the stories and myths as crafted by humanity?
Cecelia, the sacrifice of agamemnon’s daughter is not mentioned in the Iliad.
DeleteSome Greek texts even state that Iphigenia was rescued and not actually killed. Others claim Agamemnon was urged to sacrifice her to appease the gods. You can’t make a case about madness here, especially since the Iliad states the Greeks banded together to fulfill their oath, not because they were crazy.
DeleteSome stories are crafted to entertain, not enlighten or inform. You need to tell which are which, not tray some as sacred just because they are old.
Deletetreat
DeleteTreat, tray, what the hey.
DeleteAnonymouse 6:32pm, of course it’s a “case for madness”. “ Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad”. Of course, that would be accomplished progressively, incrementally, via the usual appeals to human emotions such as kinsmanship, honor, and pride, all carefully cultivated until knocked down like bowling pins in the alleys of Mt. Olympus. Or something.,,.
DeleteThere have episodes in history that modern people have attributed to temporary cultural madness, if not to Zeus.
This comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteAbsolute cultural insanity. Straight down from Mt Olympus. They’re laughing their togas off.
Deletehttps://x.com/joeconchatv/status/1788714577556869617?s=42&t=oYvKLjVc8YzJIvwKoQTYBQ
The toga was a Roman garment, not Greek.
DeleteThe Iliad does not say that the Greeks were insane. Why are you arguing this?
DeleteIf they were wearing togas they were insane.
DeleteFine. Ok. Down to their Nikes.
Delete""TV commentary needs to tell viewers that Trump's attorneys are asking for a mistrial because they are mad Stormy said things they didn't like, but it's their own fault she was talking about sex in the first place because they claimed that the encounter never happened," posted @KsKM3." [Rawstory]
ReplyDeleteThey need to tell Somerby this, while they're at it.
One commenter said the defense has asked for a mistrial on the grounds that Trump should be tried as a child.
DeleteSomerby too pretends not to know what this trial is about. Being mean to Stormy on the stand isn't going to prove Trump didn't falsify his business records.
And why didn't Trump give her dinner? Isn't the defense aware how bad that makes Trump look?
No gentleman gives dinner to any pornstar.
DeleteTrump is no gentleman.
Delete"Somerby too pretends not to know what this trial is about. Being mean to Stormy on the stand isn't going to prove Trump didn't falsify his business records."
DeleteThe judge also pretends not to know what this trial is about. She should have excluded testimony about the nature of the sexcapade , since it's not relevant to the charges.
She?
DeleteThe judge cannot do that when Daniels is there to establish that a sexual date took place sufficient to motivate a coverup. But it was up to Trump’s attorneys to object to excessive detail. The judge is not supposed to help or hinder the attorneys. That would show bias.
DeleteThe judge decides what evidence will be heard.
DeleteDaniels was a witness, not evidence.
DeleteHer testimony is evidence.
DeleteShe is allowed to testify to what she saw and experienced, including the “nature of the sexcapade.” It is what Trump wanted suppressed. He can of course take the stand and offer his own testimony, rebutting hers.
Delete